Becoming a US citizen is a major milestone for many immigrants, offering rights such as voting, greater legal stability, and expanded job opportunities. However, the naturalization process involves specific requirements set by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).
As of 2025, applicants must meet eligibility criteria related to residence, moral character, and knowledge of US civics. Here’s a breakdown of who qualifies and the steps required to complete the naturalization process.
Who can apply for US citizenship?
To qualify for naturalization, applicants must meet these essential conditions:
- Age: Be at least 18 years old at the time of application.
- Continuous residence: Have lived in the United States for at least five years as a Green Card holder.
- Physical presence: Spend at least 30 months of that period within US borders.
- State residency: Reside in the state or USCIS district where applying for at least three months.
- Good moral character: Maintain ethical behavior and obey US laws.
- English proficiency: Demonstrate the ability to read, write, and speak basic English.
- Civics knowledge: Pass a test on US history and government.
- Commitment to the Constitution: Show loyalty to American values.
- Oath of Allegiance: Be willing to take an oath pledging allegiance to the United States.
Meeting these requirements is the first step toward becoming a citizen, but applicants must also complete a multi-step process with USCIS.
How to apply for US citizenship
The naturalization process involves several stages, each requiring careful preparation. Here’s how it works:
1. Verify eligibility
Before applying, candidates must confirm they meet all USCIS criteria. Certain factors, such as criminal history or extended absences from the US, may affect eligibility.
2. Submit Form N-400
The Application for Naturalization (Form N-400) must be completed and submitted along with the required documentation and processing fees. This can be done online or by mail.
3. Attend a biometric appointment
If required, applicants will be scheduled for a biometrics appointment, where fingerprints and photos are collected for background checks.
4. Complete the interview and exam
A USCIS officer will conduct an interview to review the application and test the applicant’s English skills and civics knowledge. The civics test includes questions on US history, government, and laws.
5. Receive USCIS decision
USCIS will issue one of three responses:
- Approval: The application moves forward.
- Denial: The applicant is informed of the reasons for rejection.
- Additional review: USCIS may request more information before making a final decision.
6. Take the Oath of Allegiance
Successful applicants are invited to a naturalization ceremony, where they take the Oath of Allegiance and officially become US citizens.
Preparing for the process
Obtaining US citizenship is a significant milestone that requires careful preparation. Staying informed about changes in immigration laws is essential, as policies and requirements may evolve over time.
Applicants should review all necessary documentation well in advance to ensure accuracy and completeness, as errors or missing information can delay the process. A key aspect of preparation is studying for the naturalization exam, which includes questions on US history and government, as well as demonstrating proficiency in basic English.
Many resources, including study guides and practice tests, are available through USCIS and other educational platforms to help applicants feel more confident on test day.
Additionally, seeking guidance from an immigration attorney or an accredited organization can provide valuable support, especially for those with complex cases or uncertainties about their eligibility. Legal professionals can help applicants navigate potential challenges and ensure that all paperwork is properly submitted.
Those preparing for their interview should also practice answering common questions and be ready to explain details about their residency, background, and commitment to US values.
