Australia is undergoing significant changes in its cancer screening strategy. The rising incidence of early-onset cancers, particularly among adults in their 30s and 40s, has prompted a reassessment of eligibility criteria for national screening programs.
According to data provided to Four Corners by Cancer Australia, diagnoses of prostate, pancreatic, liver, uterine and kidney cancers have increased markedly in the 30–39 age group between 2000 and 2024.
While some increases may be due to improved diagnostic methods, most cannot be easily explained, underscoring the need for earlier and broader access to screening.
Expanded Screening Eligibility Across Key Programs
Australia’s major population-based cancer screening programs have been updated to reflect the shifting epidemiological landscape. Cervical screening, which tests for human papillomavirus (HPV), is available to women aged 25 to 74 every five years.
Self-collection options, once limited, are now broadly accessible within this group, allowing individuals to collect their own sample in clinical settings. This move aims to reduce barriers to participation and increase screening uptake. Bowel cancer screening now includes Australians aged 45 to 74, a revision from the previous lower age limit of 50.
According to the Australian Government, individuals between 45 and 49 can now request a free testing kit, while those aged 50 to 74 receive it automatically every two years. The shift follows rising colorectal cancer rates in people under 50 and focuses on early detection in asymptomatic individuals.
Breast cancer screening remains targeted at women aged 50 to 74, who are invited biennially for mammograms. However, free screening is also available on request for women aged 40–49 or over 74, although no formal invitation is issued for these groups. Those with a family history may be eligible for annual screenings through specific medical pathways.
Lung Screening and Limitations for Other Cancer Types
A new lung cancer screening program commenced on 1 July 2025. It offers low-dose CT scans to people aged 50–70 who are asymptomatic but have significant smoking histories—defined as smoking one pack a day for 30 years or an equivalent exposure.
According to the Department of Health, this national initiative is designed to detect cancer earlier in high-risk populations. Notably, there are no current population-wide screening programs for prostate, ovarian or skin cancer. The Australian Standing Committee on Screening has found that the potential harms of broad screening for these cancers outweigh the benefits.
Instead, individuals with relevant symptoms or family histories are encouraged to consult their GP. Australians concerned about symptoms or personal risk can register with the National Screening Register, which coordinates participation and reminders for bowel, cervical and lung programs. Early detection remains key, especially as cancer patterns evolve in younger demographics.
